The Anglo-Saxons established Nottingham and held the town (with a period of Viking rule) until the Norman invasion of England. It was the Normans who built Nottingham Castle in 1068 to help consolidate their rule over the surrounding area. There remained a strong Anglo-Saxon influence in the region and Nottingham Castle will be remembered as the legendary abode of the Sheriff of Nottingham of Robin Hood legend, infamous for his oppression of the non-Norman population. The location of the castle was on an ancient rock, fortified since prehistoric times and filled with caves and passages. The Norman castle was largely destroyed in 1651 during the English Civil War but was rebuilt later in the century as a Renaissance-style palace by the first Duke of Newcastle. The most widely known tune named "Nottingham Castle" appeared in the 1780 music manuscript copybook of musician John Fife. The tune in The English Dancing Master, 11th edition (1701) is musically unrelated.